Photobiomodulation is a non-invasive treatment that uses specific wavelengths of light to stimulate healing, reduce inflammation and boost cell function. Although it was once limited to specialist medical and sports clinics, PBM is now widely accessible. Increasingly, at-home photobiomodulation therapy devices like masks, helmets, beds and panels have become common place. The most popular of these have been LED face masks and low level laser therapy (LLLT) hair loss helmets which are now a firm beauty fixture. In this article we’ll explore what photobiomodulation and its relation ship to red light therapy and LLLT. We’ll also review the scientific evidence behind photobiomodulation’s health benefits and how to use it effectively.
What is Photobiomodulation?
The term photobiomodulation (PBM) describes therapies that use light (particularly red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths) to stimulate cells and affect their function. What sets photobiomodulation apart from other light based treatmenst like high-power lasers is that it doesn’t generate heat or damage tissue. Instead, it targets mitochondria, the cell’s energy centres. This then enhances ATP production (which gives cells enerrgy), reduces oxidative stress and supports healing.
The use of of light for healing is by no means new. In fact, phototherapy has existed for centuries with records from ancient Egypt, Greece and many others on use of sunlight to heal the body (heliotherapy). In its modern form, photobiomodulation was first discovered in the 1960s by Hungarian physician Endre Mester who discovered a specific form of low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Whilst experimenting with laser irradiation, Mester observed that low-intensity laser light promoted wound healing and hair regrowth in mice. This was the first evidence of photobiomodulation’s biological effects.
Initially focused on lasers, photobiomodulation research has since evolved to include other non-thermal light sources, such as LEDs, and a broader range of wavelengths, including red and near-infrared light. Over the decades, its applications have expanded across dermatology, neurology, sports medicine and chronic pain treatment. It is also no longer only available in clinical settings. Photobiomodulation is now widely accessible through at-home devices, including handheld units, panels and full-body beds. This has propelled therapeutic light into everyday wellness routines.
How Does it Work?
Photobiomodulation works by exposing tissues to specific wavelengths of light, most commonly in the red (600–700 nm) for superficial tissues like skin and near-infrared (800–1100 nm) spectrum for deeper tissues like muscles or even bones. These wavelengths penetrate the skin and mitochondria absorb them. The result is to trigger a series of biological effects that promote healing and reduce inflammation. The main ways this therapy works are:
- Enhances ATP Production: This therapy stimulates cytochrome c oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for energy production. As such, photobiomodulation leads to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels cellular function and repair.
- Reduces Oxidative Stress: Photobiomodulation helps neutralise reactive oxygen species (ROS), minimising cellular damage and inflammation.
- Improves Blood Circulation: By promoting vasodilation, photobiomodulation increases oxygen and nutrient supply to tissues.
- Regulates Inflammatory Pathways: Photobiomodulation modulates inflammatory cytokines which reduces pain and swelling.
- Supports Brain Function: Studies show that photobiomodulation has neuroprotective effects. As such it may help improve cognitive function and reduce neuroinflammation.
Difference between Photobiomodulation vs Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) vs Red Light Therapy
Whilst photobiomodulation, low-level laser therapy and red light therapy are related, they are actually distinct forms of light therapy. Photobiomodulation is the umbrella term, referring to the use of light to stimulate cellular processes, enhance energy production and promote healing. LLLT is a subset of photobiomodulation that specifically uses low-intensity laser therapy devices, which produce coherent light (aligned light waves) for precise tissue penetration. It is often used in pain relief, wound healing, hair loss and musculoskeletal therapy. In contrast, red light therapy is a type of photobiomodulation that uses red light (600–700 nm), typically from LEDs, rather than lasers. Red light therapy is popular for hyperpigmentation, skin ageing and wound healing.
Health Benefits of Photobiomodulation Therapy
There are many studies exploring photobiomodulation therapy for a wide range of health and beauty benefits. From improving skin quality to supporting physical recovery and cognitive function, photobiomodulation is also incredibly versatile. Below are some of the key potential benefits of photobiomodulation therapy:
- Skin Rejuvenation: Photobiomodulation therapy, particularly when delivered via red or NIR light, stimulates collagen and elastin production. There is wide use of this therapy in aesthetic medicine to soften fine lines, reduce sagging and promote a brighter more even complexion. The treatment also enhances circulation, which contributes to a stronger skin barrier and supports faster wound healing. There’s evidence it may even help to reduce acne-related inflammation.
- Pain Relief: This therapy has been widely studied for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Photobiomodulation has shown clinical promise in relieving joint pain in conditions such as arthritis, easing chronic discomfort from fibromyalgia and supporting nerve-related pain. There’s also increasing use of it in musculoskeletal injuries (like back, neck and tendon-related pain) where it helps to reduce inflammation and accelerate recovery.
- Muscle Recovery & Performance: Thanks to its ability to reduce inflammation and support mitochondrial function, photobiomodulation therapy has found a lot of uptake in sports recovery. It can help reduce post-exercise soreness, improve endurance and support faster muscle repair after intensive training. Regular sessions may also reduce the risk of injury by supporting tissue resilience and recovery.
- Cognitive Function & Neurological Support: Near-infrared light used in photobiomodulation therapy is being studied for its potential effects on brain health. Research suggests that it may support memory, focus and overall cognitive function especially in age-related decline or neuroinflammatory conditions. It’s also being investigated as a non-pharmaceutical adjunct in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, as well as for mood regulation in anxiety and depression. Early evidence also supports its use in aiding recovery after concussion or traumatic brain injury.
- Sleep Quality & Circadian Rhythm Regulation: Photobiomodulation therapy may support better sleep by influencing melatonin production and helping to regulate the body’s internal clock. When used consistently—particularly in the evening—it may promote deeper, more restorative rest and reduce symptoms of insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns. This effect is thought to stem from its ability to reduce stress-related inflammation and support relaxation.
Safety & Limitations
Photobiomodulation therapy is generally considered safe when used appropriately. It is non-invasive, well-tolerated, and has minimal reported side effects. However, as with any treatment, certain precautions are necessary to ensure safe and effective use. These include:
- Eye Protection: This is essential during treatment, especially when using near-infrared light. Direct exposure can damage the eyes.
- Photosensitivity: Individuals with light-sensitive conditions or those taking photosensitising medications should seek medical advice before starting treatment.
- Quality: Only use devices that are medically certified or approved for therapeutic use to ensure consistent light delivery and avoid the risk of ineffective or unsafe exposure.
While photobiomodulation therapy offers a wide range of benefits, there are a few important considerations to keep in mind. Like many wellness and aesthetic treatments, its effects are not instant and may vary depending on individual factors. Key limitations of photobiomodulation therapy include:
- Outcomes can vary between individuals. Results depend on factors such as skin type, underlying health conditions and the type or quality of device used.
- Results are cumulative and require consistent use over time. As such, occasional sessions are unlikely to deliver meaningful improvements.
- Photobiomodulation should be viewed as a supportive or complementary therapy and not used as a substitute for professional medical care when treating specific health conditions.
Professional Photobiomodulation Therapy
You can access photobiomodulation therapy either through professional clinical treatments or via at-home devices. Both options offer unique advantages depending on your goals, health concerns and resources. Professional photobiomodulation therapy is typically offered in medical, physiotherapy or aesthetic clinics. These treatments use high-quality, medical-grade low level laser or LED photobiomodulation therapy devices. They are administered by trained professionals who tailor the therapy to your specific needs. In-clinic treatment is best suited for targeted therapeutic use, such as managing chronic pain, post-surgical recovery, or advanced skin rejuvenation. A typical course may involve multiple sessions per week over several weeks, depending on the condition being treated. Whilst effective, downsides include higher cost and the need for regular appointments. This may not be ideal for long-term maintenance.
| Professional In-Clinic Therapy | At-Home Therapy | |
|---|---|---|
| Device Type | Medical-grade low level lasers or LED systems | Lower intensity LED or LLLT panels, beds or handheld devices |
| Supervision | Administered by trained professionals | Self-administered following manufacturer guidance |
| Treatment Strength | Higher intensity with deeper tissue penetration | Lower power output but suitable for regular use |
| Best For | Chronic pain, post-surgical recovery, advanced skin or neurological concerns | Daily skin maintenance, wellness, light recovery and preventative care |
| Session Frequency | 2–3 times per week, often over several weeks then lower maintenance frequency | 3–5 times per week as well as ongoing maintenance |
| Cost | Higher cost per session or package | One-time purchase |
| Convenience | Requires appointments and travel to clinic | Can be used anytime at home |
| Customisation | Protocols tailored to individual conditions | User-guided with set presets or modes |
| Limitations | Less flexible, ongoing cost and access may be limited | Lower power may require more frequent use for results |
At-Home Photobiomodulation Therapy
If you’re looking to integrate photobiomodulation therapy into your daily routine, at-home devices offer a practical and more accessible alternative. These come in a variety of formats including full-body beds, targeted panels and portable handheld devices. As such it is easy to personalise treatment based on your lifestyle, concerns and treatment goals. Although home-use devices are generally less powerful than clinical-grade systems, they can still be highly effective when used consistently. Here are our top tips if youre considering at home photobiomodulation therapy:
- Device Type: Beds provide full-body exposure for general wellness and recovery. Panels are ideal for targeted use on the face, hair, joints or larger muscle groups. Handheld devices are compact, travel-friendly options for treating smaller areas like the jawline or joints
- Protocol: Follow the device’s usage guidelines (typically 5–20 minutes per area per session)
- Routine: Use consistently, around 3–5 times per week, for results
- Safety: Maintain recommended distance from the skin during treatment and use protective eyewear where needed.
- Prep: Stay hydrated and support overall skin and cellular health with a balanced routine
Photobiomodulation therapy is a versatile treatment with a wide range of health benefits including cognitive function, hair growth, skin rejuvenation and spots recovery. There are many research studies that support its use and benefits however, higher level and larger trials are need to clearly define its value and best use. Given the high interest in this area due to its cross-over into wellness and longevity, photobiomodulation will become mainstream. There are now a large number of at home devices in addition to increased availability of professional photobiomodulation therapy options. Regardless of what you choose, just keep in mind that results vary between person to person, consistency is key and that this is a complimentary therapy rather than a replacement for specific targeted tretaments.
At City Skin clinic, we are fanatical about personalised skincare. Our virtual skin clinic offers safe and effective custom skin and hair loss treatments. Where appropriate our doctors use ingredients such Tretinoin and Hydroquinone to treat skin conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation, melasma and skin ageing. Connect with one of our doctors today with an online consultation. The journey towards great skin starts here.
